Bioenergy Development

Elizabeth Cushion

Description

Bioenergy has been critically important since our ancestors first used wood to cook their food and stay warm at night. Traditional forms of bioenergy, firewood and cow dung patties, remain primary fuel sources for many rural and poor people. More modern sources of bioenergy-including ethanol and biodiesel for transport and wood pellets for heating, among many others-offer great promise but generate great controversy.
This book gives an overview of bioenergy developments. It examines the main issues and possible socioeconomic implications of these developments, as well as their potential impacts on land use and the environment, especially with respect to forests. The authors present an introduction to bioenergy, provide a background and overview of solid biomass and liquid biofuels, and examine the opportunities and challenges at the regional and country levels. They also examine potential impacts for specific types of bioenergy.
'Bioenergy Development' does not attempt to be definitive on such subjects as the impact of bioenergy on food prices, but it does suggest the tradeoffs that need to be examined when considering bioenergy policies. The authors offer five main findings:
▪ Solid biomass will continue to provide a principal source of energy and should not be overlooked.
▪ There will be major land-use implications resulting from bioenergy developments.
▪ It is critical to consider tradeoffs-including those related to poverty, equity, and the environment-when considering bioenergy policies.
▪ There is considerable potential for an increased use of forestry and timber waste as a bioenergy feedstock.
▪ The climate change impacts of bioenergy development are uncertain, and highly specific to location and feedstock.

Sujets

• Bioenergy
• Biofuel
• Agriculture
• Energy
• Environment

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 28 décembre 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 17
• EAN13: 9780821381298
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Bioenergy
Development
ISSUES AND IMPACTS FOR POVERTY
AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Elizabeth Cushion, Adrian Whiteman, and Gerhard DieterleBIOENERGY
DEVELOPMENTAGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Seventy-five percent of the world’s poor live in rural areas, and most of them are involved
in agriculture. In the 21st century, agriculture remains fundamental to economic growth,
poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability. The World Bank’s Agriculture and
Rural Development publication series presents recent analyses of issues that affect the role
of agriculture, including livestock, fisheries, and forestry, as a source of economic develop-
ment, rural livelihoods, and environmental services. The series is intended for practical
application, and we hope that it will serve to inform public discussion, policy formulation,
and development planning.
Titles in this series:
Agribusiness and Innovation Systems in Africa
Agricultural Land Redistribution: Toward Greater Consensus
Agriculture Investment Sourcebook
Bioenergy Development: Issues and Impacts for Poverty and Natural Resource Management
Building Competitiveness in Africa’s Agriculture: A Guide to Value Chain Concepts and
Applications
Changing the Face of the Waters: The Promise and Challenge of Sustainable Aquaculture
Enhancing Agricultural Innovation: How to Go Beyond the Strengthening of Research Systems
Forests Sourcebook: Practical Guidance for Sustaining Forests in Development Cooperation
Gender and Governance in Rural Services: Insights from India, Ghana, and Ethiopia
Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook
Organization and Performance of Cotton Sectors in Africa: Learning from Reform Experience
Reforming Agricultural Trade for Developing Countries, Volume 1: Key Issues for a
Pro-Development Outcome of the Doha Round
Reforming Agricultural Trade for Developing Countries, Volume 2: Quantifying the
Impact of Multilateral Trade Reform
Shaping the Future of Water for Agriculture: A Sourcebook for Investment in Agricultural
Water Management
The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform
Sustainable Land Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Trade-Offs
Suanagement Sourcebook
Sustaining Forests: A Development StrategyBIOENERGY
DEVELOPMENT
Issues and Impacts for Poverty and Natural
Resource Management
Elizabeth Cushion, Adrian Whiteman, and Gerhard Dieterle© 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433
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All rights reserved
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This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions
expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors
of The World Bank or the governments they represent.
The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work.
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ISBN: 978-0-8213-7629-4
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8129-8
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7629-4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cushion, Elizabeth.
Bioenergy development : issues and impacts for poverty and natural resource man-
agement / Elizabeth Cushion, Adrian Whiteman, and Gerhard Dieterle.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8213-7629-4 — ISBN 978-0-8213-8129-8 (electronic)
1. Biomass energy. 2. Biomass energy—Environmental aspects. I. Whiteman, Adrian.
II. Dieterle, Gerhard. III. Title.
HD9502.5.B542C87 2009
333.95'39—dc22
2009048128
Cover photos: © istock.com/Sheriar Irani; © World Bank/Curt Carnemark
Cover design: Patricia Hord Graphik DesignCONTENTS
Acknowledgments xiii
About the Authors xv
Abbreviations xvii
Executive Summary 1
General Findings 2
Regional Findings 3
Policy Implications 5
1. Overview 7
Main Types of Bioenergy 8
This Report 11
Total Bioenergy Supply and Contribution to TPES 12
Outlook for Bioenergy Consumption 13
Forces Affecting Bioenergy Development 17
Concerns about y Dev 21
Policies, Targets, and Instruments 25
Notes 39
2. Solid Biomass 41
Long-Term Trend and Outlook for Primary Solid Biomass 44
Bioenergy Production from Solid Biomass 46
Traditional Uses of Solid Biomass for Energy 65
Modern and Industrial Uses of Solid Biomass for Energy 70
vEnergy Systems Based on Biomass Pellets 76
Notes 86
3. Liquid Biofuels 89
Bioethanol for Fuel 90
Biodiesel for Fuel 93
Economic Viability of Liquid Biofuel Production 96
Social and Environmental Impacts 99
Notes 120
4. Impacts and Issues at the Country and Regional Levels 121
Africa 122
East Asia and Pacific 127
Europe and Central Asia 133
Latin America and the Caribbean 136
Middle East and North Africa 140
South Asia 142
Notes 146
5. Conclusions 147
General Conclusions 147
Regional Conclusions 151
Policy Implications 153
Note 155
Appendix A: Production of Alcohol Bioenergy from Sugars
and Starches 157
Sugarcane 157
Corn 163
Sweet Sorghum 167
Cassava 170
Nypa Palm 173
Notes 175
Appendix B: Production of Bioenergy from Oilseed Crops 177
Oil Palm 177
Soybean 184
Rapeseed 189
Jatropha 193
Jojoba 197
Pongamia 199
Notes 202
Appendix C: Second-Generation Bioenergy Production 205
Economics of Second-Generation Bioenergy Pr 209
Economic Impact of Second-Generation Bioenergy Production 209
vi CONTENTSImpact of Second-Generation Bioenergy Production on the Use of Land
and Other Resources 210
Environmental Impact of Second-Generation Bioenergy Production 211
Notes 211
Appendix D: Third-Generation Bioenergy Production 213
Note 215
References 217
Index 233
viiCONTENTSBOXES, FIGURES, AND TABLES
Boxes
1.1 Black Liquor: An Economically Viable and Significant Source of
Bioenergy 18
1.2 Public Support for Bioenergy Development 21
2.1 Involving Smallholders in Bioenergy Production through Outgrower
Schemes 54
2.2 Use of Degraded and Marginal Lands for Bioenergy
Production 55
2.3 Reducing Atmospheric Carbon While Improving Soil Fertility
through Biochar Production 62
2.4 Charcoal Production in Tanzania 66
3.1 Forcing Farmers to Plant Jatropha in Myanmar 101
3.2 On-Farm and Off-Farm Adaptation Challenges 104
B.1 Smallholder Opportunities for Palm Oil Production
in Indonesia 182
B.2 Income Generation from Small-Scale Pongamia
Oil Production 200
C.1 Biofuel Production from Microalgae 209
viii