Climate Change and the World Bank Group

The World Bank

Description

This study from the Independent Evaluation Group draws lessons for development and climate change mitigation from the World Bank Group's far-reaching portfolio of projects in energy, forestry, transport, coal power, and technology transfer. Reviewing what has worked, what hasn't, and why, the evaluation's key findings include:
Energy efficiency can offer countries direct economic returns that dwarf those of most other development projects, while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Tropical forest protected areas, on average, significantly reduce tropical deforestation, preserving carbon and biodiversity. Deforestation rates are lower in areas that allowed sustainable use by local populations than in strictly protected areas. Deforestation rates were lowest of all in indigenous forest areas.

For renewable energy projects, long-duration loans have been important in making projects financially viable.. But at prevailing carbon prices, carbon offset sales had little impact on most renewable energy projects' rate of returns, and did not address investors' need for up-front capital.
Technology transfer - broadly understood to include diffusion of technical and financial innovations related to low-carbon development - has worked well when the logic of piloting and demonstration is well thought out, and when grants are used to mitigate the risk of pioneering efforts.

Sujets

• Energy
• Environment
• World Bank

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 26 janvier 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 30
• EAN13: 9780821386538
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

PHASE II: THE CHALLENGE OF LOW-CARBON DEVELOPMENT
Climate Change and the
World Bank Group
IEG Study SeriesCover 2 – IEG Study Series Books
THE WORLD BANK GROUP
he World Bank Group consists of f ve institutions—the TInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the
International Development Association (IDA), the Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International
Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).
Its mission is to f ght poverty for lasting results and to help
people help themselves and their environment by providing
resources, sharing knowledge, building capacity, and forging
partnerships in the public and private sectors.
The Independent Evaluation Group
IMPROVING DEVELOPMENT RESULTS THROUGH
EXCELLENCE IN EVALUATION
he Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) is an independent, three-part Tunit within the World Bank Group. IEG-World Bank is charged with
evaluating the activities of the IBRD (the World Bank) and IDA, IEG-IFC
focuses on assessment of IFC’s work toward private sector development,
and IEG-MIGA evaluates the contributions of MIGA guarantee projects
and services. IEG reports directly to the Bank’s Board of Directors through
the Director-General, Evaluation.
The goals of evaluation are to learn from experience, to provide an
objective basis for assessing the results of the Bank Group’s work, and
to provide accountability in the achievement of its objectives. It also
improves Bank Group work by identifying and disseminating the lessons
learned from experience and by framing recommendations drawn from
evaluation f ndings.CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD BANK GROUP
Phase II: The Challenge of
Low-Carbon Development
2010
The World Bank
Washington, D.C.Copyright © 2010 T e International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/T e World Bank
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433
Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.worldbank.org
E-mail: [e-mail]
All rights reserved
1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10
T is volume, except the “Management Response” and “Chairman’s Summary,” is a product of the staf of the Independent Evalua-
tion Group of the World Bank Group. T e f ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily
ref ect the views of the Executive Directors of T e World Bank or the governments they represent. T is volume does not support
any general inferences beyond the scope of the evaluation, including any inferences about the World Bank Group’s past, current, or
prospective overall performance.
T e World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. T e boundaries, colors, denomina-
tions, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of T e World Bank concerning
the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
Rights and Permissions
T e material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be
a violation of applicable law. T e International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/T e World Bank encourages dissemina-
tion of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright
Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; Internet: www.
copyright.com.
All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Of ce of the Publisher, T e World
Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: [phone]; e-mail: [e-mail].
Cover: Photo by Martin Wright/Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy. Used with permission. http://www.ashdenawards.org.
ISBN-13:978-0-8213-8653-8
e-ISBN-13:978-0-8213-8654-5
DOI:1596/978-0-8213-8653-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data have been applied for.
World Bank InfoShop Independent Evaluation Group
E-mail: [e-mail] Communication, Strategy, and Learning
Telephone: [phone] E-mail: [e-mail]
Facsimile: 202-522-1500 Telephone: [phone]
Printed on Recycled Paper Facsimile: 202-522-3125
Printed on Recycled PaperTable of Contents
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Management Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvi
Chairman’s Summary: Committee on Development Ef ectiveness (CODE) . . .xxiii
Statement of the External High-Level Review Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiv
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxxi
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Climate Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Global Mitigation Context and the WBG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Evaluation Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Evaluation Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Evaluation Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2. Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Low-Carbon Energy Projects and Their Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Overcoming Barriers to On-Grid Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
On-Grid Renewable Energy: Hydropower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Energy Access and Low-Carbon Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Of -Grgy: Solar Photovoltaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Way Forward for Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3. Energy Ef ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Energy Ef ciency in the First Phase Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Using Financial Intermediaries to Overcome Barriers to Energy Ef ciency Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Direct Investments in Energy Ef ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Transmission and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Ef cient Light Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The Way Forward for Energy Ef ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4. Beyond Energy: Low-Carbon Paths in Cities and Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Urban Transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
XYZ | iii5. Special Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Ef ciency in Coal-Fired Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62