Financing Higher Education in Africa

Description

The training and development of human capital in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) will help countries in the region diversify their economies, carry out economic transformation, and support sustainable growth. Higher education plays a key role in training qualified individuals who will be able to implement new technologies and use innovative methods to establish cost-efficient and effective enterprises and institutions. However, in order for SSA to reap the benefits of this investment in human capital, higher education institutions must secure financing to provide quality training and sound professional prospects to their students.
Currently, tertiary education development is unsustainable-resources per student are declining and the quality of education is affected. These issues are particularly pressing in times of financial global crisis, when available resources for tertiary education tend to diminish. The impact of the crisis that started in 2008 provides a clear illustration of the need to explore innovative ways to diversify and secure financing for higher education in SSA.
'Financing Higher Education in Africa' provides a comprehensive overview of higher education financing in SSA. The book begins with an explanation of the fundamental problems faced by higher education institutions and students in SSA, namely the combined pressure of a rapid growth in demand and a growing scarcity of public resources, and it presents the dramatic consequences of these trends on quality. The book then turns to analyzing and comparing the current funding policies in SSA countries and it provides recommendations for improvement. Finally, the book examines the alternatives to the status quo and the policy tools needed to both diversify resources and allocate them based on performance. It will be of great interest to governments, universities, research institutions, and international organizations throughout the region.

Sujets

• Éducation

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 21 avril 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 23
• EAN13: 9780821383346
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
Human Development
Financing
Higher Education
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Financing Higher Education
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© 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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Washington DC 20433
Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.worldbank.org
E-mail: [e-mail]
All rights reserved
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This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this
volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the
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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the
Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax:
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ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-8334-6
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8337-7
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8334-6
Cataloging-in-publication data has been requested
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010926044
Cover photo by Dino Merotto
Cover design by Quantum ThinkFHEA_i-xx.qxd 4/7/10 2:46 PM Page v
Contents
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
Abbreviations xix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Rising Social Demand and Sustainable
Financing 1
Main Features of Current Funding Policies
and Practices 3
Tools for Financially Sustainable Policies 6
The Implementation of Financing Reforms 9
Purpose and Organization of the Study 10
Chapter 2 Rising Social Demand and the Challenge of
Sustainable Financing 13
Current Demand for Higher Education and
Government Funding Capacity 16
Public Resources per Student and Efforts to
Raise Quality 20
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vi Contents
Projected Demand for Higher Education and
Public Financing 27
Notes 35
References 37
Chapter 3 Main Features of Current Funding Policies
and Practices 39
Operating Budget Allocation Practices 39
Investment Budget Allocation Practices 47
Budget Management Practices and the Optimal
Use of Available Resources 49
Private Funding for Tertiary Education 55
Student Financial Assistance 74
Loan Programs 77
External Assistance to Higher Education 94
Foundation Support 105
External Aid for Research and Development 106
Notes 110
References 112
Chapter 4 Tools for Financially Sustainable Tertiary
Education Policies 119
Improving the Management of Public
Financing 120
Managing the Trends in Student Flows 131
Developing Distance Education 136
Mobilizing Private Resources 136
Streamlining Student Support Services 144
Promoting the Private Sector 147
Rethinking Research Funding 150
Combining Tools for Financially Sustainable
Tertiary Education Policies 151
Notes 153
References 153
Chapter 5 Ensuring the Successful Implementation of
Financing Reforms 157
Addressing the Political Feasibility of Reforms 158
Putting in Place Favorable Governance
Arrangements 163FHEA_i-xx.qxd 4/7/10 2:46 PM Page vii
Contents vii
Strengthening Planning and Management
Capacity 166
Assessing Policy Options to Anticipate Possible
Consequences 168
References 170
Boxes
3.1 Budget Allocation Practices in Mali 40
3.2 Line Item Budgeting in Uganda 43
3.3 Normative Input-based Budgeting in Nigeria 44
3.4 Formula Funding in South Africa 46
3.5 Research Funding in Nigeria 55
3.6 Research Funding for Agriculture 56
3.7 A Financial Revolution: Makerere University
in Uganda 64
3.8 Tuition Fees in Public Higher Education Institutions
in Benin 66
3.9 The Cost of Studies Abroad: The Case of Mauritius 73
3.10 The Nature of Direct and Indirect Aid to Higher
Education 97
3.11 Building ICT Capacities in Africa 100
3.12 Support for Higher Education 101
3.13 How Many African Students Return to Their Country
of Origin after Completing Their Studies? 105
3.14 The National Research Fund and Modalities of
Funding in Mozambique 108
3.15 Methodological Note 109
4.1 Ghana Education Trust Fund 123
4.2 Emergency Universities Program in Côte d’Ivoire 124
4.3 Mozambique’s Competitive Fund for
Tertiary Education 128
4.4 International Experience with Competitive Funds 129
4.5 A Plan for Streamlining Higher Education in
Côte d’Ivoire 130
4.6 Selective Admission into Higher Education 134
4.7 A Distance Education Experiment 138
4.8 Phasing the Introduction of Cost Sharing: The Case
of Tanzania 140
4.9 Some Rules for Avoiding Budget Overruns Resulting
from Grants or Scholarships 145FHEA_i-xx.qxd 4/7/10 2:46 PM Page viii
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4.10 An Alternative to Scholarships Abroad: Building and
Offering Quality Local Education 146
4.11 Examples of the State’s Disengagement from Housing,
Catering, and Other Nonacademic Services Provided to
Students 148
4.12 Development of Private Higher Education in Some
African Countries 149
5.1 Consensus Building and Cost Sharing in
Northern Mexico 160
5.2 Autonomy and Excellence at Work: The National
School of Business Administration 165
Figures
2.1 Share of Higher Education in Current Public
Expenditure on Education in African Countries, 2006
(or Closest Year) 15
2.2 Public Expenditure on Higher Education and the Form
of the Education Pyramid in African Countries, 2006
(or Closest Year) 16
2.3 Change in the Number of Higher Education Students
and Expenditure on Higher Education in Two Groups of
African Countries, 1991–2006 18
2.4 Ratio between the Change in the Number of Higher
Education Students and the Amount of Public Resources
Allocated to Current Expenditure on Higher Education
in African Countries, 1991–2006 19
2.5 Annual Current Public Expenditure per Student in
African Countries, 2006 (or Closest Year) 23
2.6 Public Expenditure per Student and Ratio of the
Number of Students to the Current Level of Public
Expenditure on Higher Education in Select African
Countries, 2006 24
2.7 Student-Teacher Ratio in Higher Education in Select
African Countries, Public and Private Sectors
Combined, 2006 (or Closest Year) 25
2.8 Change in the Number of Higher Education Students
in Africa, 1982–2006 and Projected through 2015 28
2.9 Number of Students Expected in 2015 in African
Countries on the Basis of Current Trends in Higher
Education Growth 29FHEA_i-xx.qxd 4/7/10 2:46 PM Page ix
Contents ix
2.10 Current Expenditure on Higher Education
and Public Expenditure Required to Expand Higher
Education in Africa at Current Rates and Unit Costs,
2004–15 31
3.1 Share of Households in National Expenditure on
Higher Education in Select African Countries, 2004
(or Closest Year) 57
3.2 Average Share of Households in National Expenditure
on Education in 18 African Countries, by Level of
Instruction, 2004 (or Closest Year) 58
3.3 Breakdown of Current Public Expenditure on Higher
Education in Select African Countries 70
3.4 Trade-off between Social and Wage Expenditure within
the Public Higher Education Budget in Select African
Countries 71
3.5 Proportion of African Students Enrolled in Private
Institutions, 35 Countries, 2006 (or Closest Year) 75
3.6 Distribution of Aid to Higher Education, by Region,
2002–06 Average (Commitments) 95
3.7 Aid to Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Level of
Education, 2002–06 Average 96
3.8 Total Aid to Africa for Higher Education, Commitments,
2002–06 97
3.9 Direct Aid to Higher Education in Select African
Countries, Annual Average Commitments, 2001–06 98
3.10 Direct Aid to Higher Education per Student in Select
African Countries, Annual Average Commitments,
2001–06 99
3.11 Assistance from the Partnership for Higher Education in
Africa, 2000–08 106
4.1 Estimated Number of Higher Education Students in
Mali, Assuming Current Trends and Regulations in
Secondary Edu