Moving People to Deliver Services

Description

The WTO is today dealing with an issue that lies at the interface of two major challenges the world faces, trade liberalization and international migration. Greater freedom for the "temporary movement of individual service suppliers" is being negotiated under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Conditions in many developed economies-ranging from aging populations to shortages of skilled labor-suggest that this may be a propitious time to put labor mobility squarely on the negotiating agenda. Yet there is limited awareness of how the GATS mechanism can be used to foster liberalization in this area of services trade. At the same time there is great concern, about the possible social disruption in host countries and brain drain from poor countries.
As a first step in improving our understanding of the implications of such liberalization, this volume brings together contributions from service providers, regulators, researchers and trade negotiators. They provide different perspectives on one central question: how is such liberalization best accomplished, in a way that benefits both home and host countries? The result, combining insights from economics, law and politics, is bound to be a vital input into the WTO services negotiations as well as the broader debate on the subject.

Sujets

• WTO
• Gats
• Liberalization
• Trade
• Trade in services
• Service
• International migration
• Free trade
• Law and development
• Private sector development

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 06 juin 2003
• Nombre de lectures: 35
• EAN13: 9780821389089
• Langue: English

Extrait

moving people to deliver services
TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT SERIES MOVING
he World Trade Organization now confronts an issue that lies at
the interface of two major world challenges: trade liberalization T and international migration. Moving People to Deliver Services breaks
new ground by examining the economic, legal, and political implications of PEOPLE to
the “temporary movement of individual service suppliers” currently being
negotiated under the WTO’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). deliver
Conditions in many developed economies—ranging from aging populations to
shortages of skilled labor—suggest that this may be a propitious time to put labor
mobility squarely on the negotiating agenda. Yet a limited awareness of how GATS services
can be used to foster services trade liberalization combined with concerns about the
potential for social disruption in host countries and the risk of “brain drain” in poor
countries have frustrated efforts to reach a consensus.
Editors
Moving People to Deliver Services brings together contributions from service
Aaditya Mattoo • Antonia Carzanigaproviders, regulators (including ministries of labor and justice), researchers,
trade negotiators, and the private sector. They provide a broad range of
perspectives on one central question: How can services trade liberalization be
accomplished in a way that benefits both home and host countries? The result
is a balanced consideration of the issues surrounding WTO labor mobility
negotiations at a historically critical juncture.
“Specialists, negotiators, and interested readers will fi nd this volume to be state
of the art regarding one of the most potentially benefi cial, albeit di cult to
negotiate, core issues of the Doha agenda: the movement of labor.”
— ERNESTO ZEDILLO
Director, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
Former President of Mexico
“This book will be welcomed and appreciated by all those who already know
the meaning of “mode 4.” For those who don’t, it provides both a valuable
introduction to, and a comprehensive analysis of, that middle ground between
international trade and migration.”
— ALAN DEARDORFF
John W. Sweetland Professor of International Economics,
Department of Economics and Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy,
University of Michigan
THE WORLD BANK
ISBN 0-8213-5406-XMoving People
to Deliver
ServicesMoving People
to Deliver
Services
Aaditya Mattoo and Antonia Carzaniga,
Editors
A copublication of the World Bank
and Oxford University Press© 2003 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street, NW
Washington, DC 20433
Te lephone 202-473-1000
Internet www.worldbank.org
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All rights reserved.
123406050403
A copublication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press.
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments
they represent.
The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries,
colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the
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ance of such boundaries.
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Cover photo: Ken Reid/Getty ImagesContents
Foreword ix
Acknowledgmentsxi
1Introduction and Overview1
Aaditya Mattoo
THE ECONOMICS, LAW, AND POLICY OF MODE 4
2 The GATS, Mode 4, and Pattern
of Commitments 21
Antonia Carzaniga
3M ode 4: Negotiating Challenges
and Opportunities27
Richard J. Self and B. K. Zutshi
4 The Economic Implications
of Liberalizing Mode 4 Trade 59
L. Alan Winters
5 Labor Mobility in Regional Trade
Agreements 93
Julia Nielson
6 Current Regimes for the Temporary
Movement of Service Providers:
Case Studies of Australia and the
United States113
Julia Nielson and Oliver Cattaneo
vvi Contents
THE STAKEHOLDERS’ VIEW
7 Draft Model Schedule for Mode 4:
A Proposal 157
Mark Hatcher
8M ode 4 and the Software Services Sector:
An Indian View163
Va i b h av Parikh
9I nternational Trade and Migration
of Health Care Workers: Thailand’s
Experience 171
Suwit Wibulpolparsert
10 Barriers to the Temporary Migration
of Filipino Service Providers179
Josephine J. Francisco
11 The Jamaican Experience with the
Movement of Natural Persons in the
Provision of Services191
Enos A. Brown
12 Mode 4 and Trade Union Concerns 201
Mike Waghorne
13 The Temporary Inflow of Natural Persons
for the Swiss IT Market 207
Pierre E. Page
THE REGULATORS’ PERSPECTIVE
14 Mode 4: Through a Canadian
Immigration Policy Lens 211
Paul Henry
15 Mode 4: A German Regulator’s View221
To r s t e n Christen
16 Mode 4: A U.S. Regulator’s View227
Howard R. Dobson
17 Mode 4: A South African Regulator’s View 231
Ivan Lambinon and Mario G. R. Oriani-AbrosiniContents vii
Figures
8.1 Coverage of the WTO Agreements 164
9.1 Annual Output of Medical Doctors, Thailand,
1937–2020 173
9.2 Percentage of Rural Medical Students, Thailand,
1974–97173
9.3 Percentage of Medical Specialists and General
Practitioners,Thailand, 1971–99174
9.4 Distribution of Doctors, Thailand, 1977–2001 175
9.5Private Doctors and Beds, Thailand,1970–2000176
10.1 Land-based Filipino Workers Overseas, by Region,
1995–2000 180
10.2 Contribution of Overseas Employment to GNP,
1990–2000181
14.1 The Intersection ofPolicy Contexts212
Tables
2.1 Types ofNatural Persons Supplying Services 25
4.1 Home and Host Concepts: Accounting Concepts
for the Temporary Flow of Labor from Country A
to Country B76
4.2 Regions and Sectors 77
4.3 Economic Welfare by Region and Class of Worker 79
4.4 Percentage Change in the Real Wages of Skilled
and UnskilledWorkers80
4.5 Welfare Decomposed According to Effects
of IncreasingSkilledandUnskilled Quotas 83
6.1 Summary ofBusiness Sponsorships,Australia126
6.2Application Fees and Charges,Australia127
6.3 Temporary EntryVisas Issued, Australia,2000–01130
6.4 Business Visitors by Country of Citizenship,
Australia, 2000–01 130
6.5 Business Temporary Residents by Country
of Citizenship,Australia,2000–01131
6.6 Business (Long-Stay) Independent Executive Visas
by Country of Citizenship, Australia, 2000–01 131
6.7 Top Five Occupations Sponsored by Employers,
Australia, 2000–01 132
6.8 Temporary Entrants with Right to Work
by Occupation.Australia,1999–2000133
6.9W orking Holiday Makers by Country of Citizenship,
Australia, 2000–01133viii Contents
6.10 Numbers of Visas Issued for Other Relevant
Categories of Entrants, Australia, 2000–01 134
6.11 Medical Practitioner Visas by Country of Citizenship,
Australia, 2000–01 135
6.12 Nonimmigrants Admitted by Class of Admission:
Selected Categories and Fiscal Years, United States,
Selected Years,1985–2001144
6.13 Geographic Origin of Nonimmigrants to the
United States: Selected Categories of Most
Relevance for Mode 4, 2001147
6.14 Profile of H1B Beneficiaries by Top Ten Industries,
United States, Fiscal 2001 149
6.15 All H1B Petitions Approved by U.S. Immigration
and Naturalization Service, by Company Name,
October 1999–February 2000150
6.16 Profile of H1B Beneficiaries by Top 10 Countries
of Birth, United States,Fiscal 2001152
9.1 Migration of Medical Doctors,Thailand, 1963–65 172
9.2 Monthly Remuneration of Medical Doctors Working
in Rural Hospitals, Thailand, 2000 174
10.1S elected Top Skills Deployed,Philippines,1995–2000183
10.2S elected Filipino Professionals Deployed, 184
10.3 Top Ten Seafarer Supplying Countries,as of2000184foreword
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is one of the historical
achievements of the Uruguay Round. The agreement seeks to create a more lib-
eral, transparent, and predictable policy environment for one of