Public Sentinel

Pippa Norris

Description

What are the ideal roles the mass media should play as an institution to strengthen democratic governance and thus bolster human development? Under what conditions do media systems succeed or fail to meet these objectives? And what strategic reforms would close the gap between the democratic promise and performance of media systems?
Working within the notion of the democratic public sphere, 'Public Sentinel: News Media
and Governance Reform' emphasizes the institutional or collective roles of the news media as watchdogs over the powerful, as agenda setters calling attention to social needs in natural and human-caused disasters and humanitarian crises, and as gatekeepers incorporating a diverse and balanced range of political perspectives and social actors. Each is vital to making democratic governance work in an effective, transparent, inclusive, and accountable manner. The capacity of media systems-and thus individual reporters embedded within those institutions-to fulfill these roles is constrained by the broader context of the journalistic profession, the market, and ultimately the state.
Successive chapters apply these arguments to countries and regions worldwide. This study brought together a wide range of international experts under the auspices of the Communication for Governance and Accountability Program (CommGAP) at the World Bank and the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University.
The book is designed for policy makers and media professionals working within the international development community, national governments, and grassroots organizations, and for journalists, democratic activists, and scholars engaged in understanding mass communications, democratic governance, and development.

Sujets

• Journalism
• Mass communication
• Agenda setting
• Fourth Estate
• Investigative journalism
• News media
• Freedom of the press
• Political communication
• Accountability
• Governance
• Social change

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 19 novembre 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 27
• EAN13: 9780821382011
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

PUBLICPUBLIC
SENTINEL
NEWS MEDIA &
GOVERNANCE
REFORM
PIPPA NORRIS, EditorPUBLIC
SENTINEL
NEWS MEDIA & GOVERNANCE REFORMPUBLIC
SENTINEL
NEWS MEDIA & GOVERNANCE REFORM
PIPPA NORRIS
EditorCopyright © 2010
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.worldbank.org
E-mail: [e-mail]
All rights reserved
1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10
This volume is the product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development/The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in
this volume do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World
Bank or the governments they represent.
The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The
boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work
do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank of the legal status of any terri-
tory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all
of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its
work and will normally grant permission promptly to reproduce portions of the work.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request
with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923, USA, Tel: [phone], Fax: [phone], www.copyright.com.
All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed
to the Offi ce of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433,
USA, Fax: [phone], email: [e-mail].
ISBN: 978-0-8213-8200-4
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8201-1
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8200-4
Cover photo: North Head Lighthouse with the Pacifi c Ocean in the background:
Harald Sund/Getty Images.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Public sentinel : news media & governance reform / Pippa Norris, editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8213-8200-4 -- ISBN 978-0-8213-8201-1 (electronic)
1. Mass media--Political aspects. 2. Journalism--Political aspects. 3. Press and politics.
4. Democracy. 5. Representative government and representation. I. Norris, Pippa.
II. World Bank.
P95.8.P93 2010
302.23--dc22
2009041783Contents
Foreword ix
About the Contributors xi
Preface and Acknowledgments xix
Abbreviations xxi
Part I Introduction: Framing the Debate 1
1 Evaluating Media Performance 3
Pippa Norris and Sina Odugbemi
2 Diagnostic Tools and Performance Indicators 31
Andrew Puddephatt
Part II The Democratic Roles of Media Systems 57
AGENDA SETTERS: SETTING PRIORITIES
3 Media Coverage of Natural Disasters and
Humanitarian Crises 61
Susan D. Moeller
4 Media Agenda Setting and Donor Aid 85
Douglas A. Van Belle
WATCHDOGS: GUARDING GOVERNANCE
5 Corruption and the Watchdog Role of the
News Media 111
Sheila S. Coronel
6 The Media, Government Accountability,
and Citizen Engagement 137Katrin Voltmer
vvi Contents
GATEKEEPERS: INCLUSIVE VOICES
7 Election Campaigns, Partisan Balance,
and the News Media 163
Holli A. Semetko
8 Limits on Press Freedom and Regime Support 193
Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart
9 Media in the Peace-Building Process:
Ethiopia and Iraq 221
Monroe E. Price, Ibrahim Al-Marashi, and Nicole A. Stremlau
Part III Regional Case Studies of Media Roles 243
10 Central and Eastern Europe 245
Marius Dragomir
11 Sub-Saharan Africa 277
Wisdom J. Tettey
12 Latin America 305Silvio Waisbord
13 Arab States 329
Lawrence Pintak
14 Asia 353AngelRomano
Part IV Conclusions: Summing Up the Evidence,
Identifying Effective Policy Options 377
15 Assessing the Extent to Which the News
Media Act as Watchdogs, Agenda Setters,
and Gatekeepers 379
Sina Odugbemi and Pippa Norris
16 Policy Recommendations 395

Bibliography 411
Index 417 Contents vii
Figures
1.1. Model of the Democratic Public Sphere 8
1.2. Conditions Inf uencing the Performance of Media Systems 19
4.1. Historical Developments in the Media, International
Environment, and Donor Response Mechanisms 101
8.1. Indicators of Press Freedom, 2005 205
8.2. Press Freedom and Conf dence in Government 207
8.3. Access to the News Media 209
13.1. Journalists’ Perceptions of Their Roles 343
13.2. Journalistic Attitudes toward Reform of Arab Society 344
13.3. Journalistic Perceptions of the Most Important Issues
Facing the Arab World 344
13.4. erceptions of the Greatest Threats Facing
the Arab Region 345
13.5. Political Identity of Arab Journalists 345
13.6. Journalistic Perceptions of the Most Signif cant
Challenges to Arab Journalism 346
15.1. Press Freedom and Corruption under Dif erent Types
of Regimes 382
15.2. Press Freedom and Public Health Spending under Dif erent Types of Regimes 389
16.1 Challenges and Opportunities Facing the News Media 396
Tables
2.1. Key Indicators of Media Performance 36
2.2-A. Performance Indicator Agencies and Sources 38
2.2-B. Dimensions of Media Performance 39
4.1. Ef ect of New York Times coverage on Commitments of
U.S. Development Assistance, 1985–95 91
4.2. Global Aid Response to Lethal Natural Disasters during
and after the Cold War 96
4.3. o Lers
during the Cold War, Ad Hoc, and War on Terror Periods 104
7.1. Political and Media System Characteristics 166
8.1. Factor Analysis of Regime Support 210
8.2. Conf dence in Regime Institutions 211
8.3. Support for Democratic Principles 211
8.4. Support for National Community 212
8.5. Summary of Results 213
8.A1. Technical Annex 216
10.1. Channel Fragmentation Index, 2006 248
10.2. Most-Watched Newscasts, 2006 249viii Contents
10.3. Television License Fee Cost Per Year, 2006 253
10.4. Coverage of Topics on Public Service Television 263
10.5. CovTopics on Commercial T264
10.6. Directional Balance on Public Service Television 265
10.7. Direce on Commercial T265
12.1. Press Freedom in Latin America, 2002–07 311
12.2. Threats to Media Pluralism 313
13.1. Press Freedom in the Arab Region, 2008 337