Restoring Balance

M. Asaduzzaman

Description

Rural energy's importance to the Bangladesh economy cannot be underestimated, The problems rural people face in obtaining safe, clean, and reliable energy supplies are not minor inconveniences. People are cooking with biomass fuels including large amounts of leaves and grass that expose them harmful indoor air pollution. They light with kerosene or sometimes candles which give off a dim light that hampers studying and reading in the evening.
Finally, rural productivity suffers because of lack of access to modern energy. However, the picture also is not all bleak. This study underscores how improved access to rural energy services can created multiple benefits for rural life-from income and labor productivity to education and women's health. Recommended or enhancement of programs for improved stoves, rural electrification, renewable energy and greater access to commercial liquid fuels can significantly improve both the rural productivity and enhance the quality of life in rural Bangladesh.

Sujets

• Renewable energy
• Rural electrification
• Indoor air quality
• Biofuel
• Socioeconomic development
• Energy
• Rural development

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 29 mars 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 13
• EAN13: 9780821383100
• Langue: English

Extrait

WORLD BANK WORKING PAPER NO. 181
Restoring Balance
Bangladesh’s Rural Energy Realities
M. Asaduzzaman
Douglas F. Barnes
Shahidur R. Khandker
THE WORLD BANK11984-00_FM.qxd 3/4/10 12:49 PM Page i
WORLD BANK WORKING PAPER NO. 181
Restoring Balance
Bangladesh’s Rural Energy Realities
M. Asaduzzaman
Douglas F. Barnes
Shahidur R. Khandker
Energy Sector Management Assistance ProgramTHE WORLD BANK
Washington, D.C.11984-00_FM.qxd 3/4/10 12:49 PM Page ii
Copyright © 2010
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ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7897-7
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8310-0
ISSN: 1726-5878 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7897-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested.11984-00_FM.qxd 3/4/10 12:49 PM Page iii
Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Units of Measure/Currency Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Energy Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
What Is the Knowledge Base? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Study Goal and Objectives2
Principles for a Rural Energy Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Study Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Survey Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Structure of This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. Household Energy Use11
General Consumption Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Energy for Cooking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Energy for Lighting15
Summing Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Household Energy Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Expenditure Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Cooking Energy: Biomass and Its Opportunity Cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Lighting Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Asset Ownership Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Demand for Other Energy: Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Summing Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4. Household Gains from Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Biomass Cooking: From Traditional to Modern Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
From Kerosene to Electric Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
From Manual to Mechanized Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Overall Income Gains: Moving Up the Energy Ladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Summing Up48
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iv Contents
5. Energy Consumption and Rural Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Enterprise Types and Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Growth-Center Microenterprises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Home and Village Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Enterprise Energy Demand and Profitability: A Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 62
Energy for Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Summing Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6. Institutional Framework for Rural Energy Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Institutional Challenges and Potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Building an Integrated Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7. Policy Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Problems and Potential of Biomass Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Rural Electrification and Rural Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Toward Policies for Household Petroleum Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Enhancing Rural Energy Projects, Policies, and Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
The Way Forward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
ANNEXES
1 Selected Tables from the Household Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2 Statistical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3 Consumer’s Surplus as a Measure of Welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
List of Special Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
LIST OF BOXES
1.1 What Are the Benefits of Rural Energy?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Modern Energy Benefits for Rural Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
LIST OF FIGURES
ES.1 Energy Use and Expenditures in Rural Bangladesh, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
1.1 Types and Sources of Energy Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Map of Survey Areas in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Rural Household Consumption by Source (percent energy consumption). . . . . 14
3.1 Energy Expenditure Distribution by Energy Source (percent expenditure) . . . . 20
3.2 Household Biomass Collection Time by Income Quin