Youth in Africa's Labor Market

Description

The authors examine the challenges facing Africa's youth in their transition from school to working life, and propose a policy framework for meeting these challenges. Topics covered include the effect of education on employment and income, broadening employment opportunities, and enhancing youth capabilities. The book includes a CD-ROM of case studies of four countries and household data on 13 countries.

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 01 avril 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 19
• EAN13: 9780821368855
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
Human Development
Youth in Africa’s Labor Market
Marito Garcia and Jean Fares, EditorsYALM_i-xxxii 3/13/08 6:23 PM Page i
Youth in Africa’s Labor MarketYALM_i-xxxii 3/13/08 6:23 PM Page iiYALM_i-xxxii 3/13/08 6:23 PM Page iii
Youth in Africa’s Labor Market
Editors
Marito Garcia
Jean FaresYALM_i-xxxii 3/13/08 6:23 PM Page iv
© 2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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Washington, DC 20433
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All rights reserved
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This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this
volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the
governments they represent.
The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The bound-
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ISBN: 978-0-8213-6884-8
eISBN: 978-0-8213-6885-5
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6884-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Garcia, Marito, 1951-
Youth in Africa’s labor market / Marito Garcia and Jean Fares.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Youth—Employment—Africa. 2. Youth—Africa—Social conditions. 3. Labor market—
Africa. I. Farès, Jean. II. Title.
HD6276.A32G37 2008
331.3′47096—dc22 2007044706
Cover painting: Paul Olaja
Cover design: Naylor DesignYALM_i-xxxii 3/13/08 6:23 PM Page v
Contents
Foreword xvii
Contributors xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Abbreviations xxiii
Executive Summary xxv
PART 1 Youth in Africa’s Labor Market: A Synthesis 1
Marito Garcia and Jean Fares
Chapter 1 Why Is It Important for Africa to Invest in
Its Youth? 3
Marito Garcia and Jean Fares
Why Focus on the Transition to Work? 4
Africa’s Demographic Transition Creates a Window
of Opportunity 4
The Level of Educational Attainment Has Risen—
and Returns to Education Are Rising in Some
Countries 7
Despite Progress, Significant Challenges Remain 8
The Policy Response 11
Notes 14
vYALM_i-xxxii 3/13/08 6:23 PM Page vi
vi Contents
Chapter 2 Transitions to Working Life for Africa’s Youth 15
Marito Garcia and Jean Fares
Poverty and Large Income Shocks Push
Children into the Work Force 18
The School-to-Work Transition of Africa’s
Youth Is Long and Difficult 21
Chapter 3 How Do Africa’s Young People Spend Their Time? 27
Marito Garcia and Jean Fares
Not Many Youth Are in the Labor Market and
Employed 27
A Large Proportion of Youth Are “Inactive” 29
Many Young People Are in School 29
Time Use Varies by Income Group 32
Notes 37
Chapter 4 The Effect of Education on Income and Employment 39
Marito Garcia and Jean Fares
How Does Education Affect Income? 39Affect Employment? 42
What Effect Does Education Have on
Development? 44
What Keeps Educational Attainment Low? 44
Notes 47
Chapter 5 Working in Bad Jobs or Not Working at All 49
Marito Garcia and Jean Fares
What Makes the Transition to Work Difficult
for Youth? 49
Youth Are Vulnerable in the
Labor Market 53
Youth Unemployment Is High 60
Notes 65YALM_i-xxxii 3/13/08 6:23 PM Page vii
Contents vii
Chapter 6 The Three Pillars of Policy: Lessons from
International Experience 67
Marito Garcia and Jean Fares
Responses from African Countries 73
Future Research to Fill Knowledge Gaps 75
Annex 6A. Methodology: Building an
Indicator of the School-to-Work Transition 75
Annex 6B. Inventory of Selected Policies and
Programs on Youth Employment and Skills
Development in Burkina Faso 78
Government Involvement in Youth
Empolyment Issuses 78
Description of Policies and Programs 79
How Well Have Interventions Performed? 82
Annex 6C. Inventory of Selected Policies and
Programs on Youth Employment and
Skills Development in Ethiopia 84
Government Involvement in Youth
Employment Issues 84
Description of Policies and Programs 85
How Well Have Interventions Performed? 89
Annex 6D. Inventory of Selected Policies and
Programs on Youth Employment and
Skills Development in Tanzania 91
Government Involvement in Youth
Employment Issues 91
Description of Policies and Programs 92
How Well Have Interventions Performed? 95
Annex 6E. Inventory of Selected Policies and
Programs on Youth Employment and
Skills Development in Uganda 97
Bibliography for Part 1 101YALM_i-xxxii 3/13/08 6:23 PM Page viii
viii Contents
PART 2 Youth in Africa’s Labor Market: Country
Case Studies 107
Lisa Dragoset, Jean Fares, Lorenzo Guarcello,
Florence Kondylis, Scott Lyon, Marco Manacorda,
Daniel Parent, Furio Rosati, Cristina Valdivia, and
Lars Vilhuber
Chapter 7 School-to-Work Transitions: Regional Overview 109
Lorenzo Guarcello, Marco Manacorda, Furio Rosati,
Jean Fares, Scott Lyon, and Cristina Valdivia
Aggregate Trends 110
Young People’s Time Use 115
Status of Young People in the Labor Market 120
The Transition from School to Work 131
Assessment of the Transition to Working Life 132
Annex 7A.1 141
Notes 144
References 146
Chapter 8 What Determines Labor Market Participation
by Youth in Burkina Faso? 149
Daniel Parent
Labor Market Indicators 150
Household Income, School Attendance,
and Returns to Education 159
Notes 177
References 178
Chapter 9 Child Labor and Youth Employment
in Ethiopia 181
Lorenzo Guarcello, Scott Lyon, and Furio Rosati
National Context 182
Child Labor 185
Labor Market Status of Young People in Ethiopia 188
Transition to Working Life 196YALM_i-xxxii 3/13/08 6:23 PM Page ix
Contents ix
Child Labor, Human Capital, and Youth Labor
Market Outcomes 200
Policies and Programs for Youth Employment
in Ethiopia 211
Conclusions and Policy Recommendations 217
Notes 220
References 222
Chapter 10 Youth in the Labor Market and the Transition
from School to Work in Tanzania 225
Florence Kondylis and Marco Manacorda
Why Is Unemployment Higher among Youth? 226
Descriptive Evidence 228
Determinants of Labor Force Status among Youth 246
Conclusions and Policy Implications 254
Notes 257
References 258
Chapter 11 How Did Universal Primary Education Affect
Returns to Education and Labor Market
Participation in Uganda? 263
Lisa Dragoset and Lars Vilhuber
Education and Earnings in Uganda 265
The Literature on Educational Participation in
Developing Countries 266
The Model 267
Results 268
Concluding Remarks 276
Notes 276
References 277
Index 281
Box
1.1 HIV/AIDS Is Projected to Reduce the Size of the Youth
Cohort in Southern Africa 6