Equality for Women

Description

Upon signing the Millennium Declaration in 2000, the international community committed itself to eight development goals with timebound targets and measurable indicators. The third of these eight goals was to 'promote gender equality and empower women'. The third Millennium Development Goal (MDG3) in the Millennium Declaration has spurred national and international efforts to improve women's situation around the globe. 'Equality for Women: Where Do We Stand on Millennium Goal 3?' tracks countries' progress with implementing and financing MDG3 by examining national experiences and successes with policies and programs. It also contains an assessment of the effectiveness of different strategies in achieving MDG3 and the financial requirements needed to attain MDG3 by 2015. 'Equality for Women' will be useful for gender analysts, policy makers, government officials, and others working to promote gender mainstreaming.

Sujets

• Gender

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 18 septembre 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 10
• EAN13: 9780821374474
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Equality for Women
Where Do We Stand on Millennium Development Goal 3?
Mayra Buviníc
Andrew R. Morrison
A. Waafas Ofosu-Amaah
and Mirja Sjöblom
EditorsEquality for WomenEquality
for
Women
Where Do We Stand
on Millennium
Development
Goal 3?
Mayra Buvinic ´
Andrew R. Morrison
A. Waafas Ofosu-Amaah
and Mirja Sjöblom
Editors2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank©
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433
Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.worldbank.org
E-mail: [e-mail]
All rights reserved
1 2 3 4 5 11 10 09 08
This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel-
opment / The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this
volume do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or
the governments they represent.
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ISBN: 978-0-8213-7446-7
eISBN: 978-0-8213-7447-4
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7446-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Equality for women : where do we stand on millennium development goal 3? / editors,
Mayra Buvinic . ´ . . [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8213-7446-7—ISBN 978-0-8213-7447-4 (electronic)
1. Women’s rights. 2. Sex discrimination against women. 3. Equality. I. Buvinic´, Mayra.
HQ1237.E68 2008
323.3'4091724—dc22
2008021327
Cover image by Quang Minh Nguyen, untitled.
Cover design: Naylor Design.Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Contributorsxiii
Forewordxv
Abbreviationsxvii
1 Introduction, Overview, and Future Policy Agenda 1
Mayra Buvinic a´ nd Andrew R. Morrison
2 The State of World Progress, 1990–2007 33
Andrew R. Morrison, Shwetlena Sabarwal, and Mirja Sjöblom
3 Indicators and Indexes of Gender Equality:
What Do They Measure and What Do They Miss? 93
Caren Grown
4 Monitoring Progress in Gender Equality in the
Labor Market 147
Zafi ris Tzannatos
5 The Financial Requirements of Achieving Gender
Equality and Women’s Empowerment 207
Caren Grown, Chandrika Bahadur, Jessie Handbury,
and Diane Elson
6 What Money Can’t Buy: Getting Implementation
Right for MDG3 in South Asia 261
Maitreyi Bordia Das
7 Policy Interventions to Meet the MDG3 Challenge
in Developing Countries: Experiences from Mexico 293
Miguel Székely
8 Gender Mainstreaming: Making It Happen 311
Rekha Mehra and Geeta Rao Gupta
Index 337
vvi Contents
Boxes
1.1 Legal Reforms to Promote Gender Equality 15
1.2 Sources of ODA to Promote Gender Equality 26
2.1 Fragile States and MDG3 52
3.1 Gender Differences in the Structure of Employment 106
4.1 The Mis-Measured Female Worker 153
5.1 Seven Strategic Priorities for Action on MDG3 211
5.2 Costing the MDGs: An Overview of Different Approaches 212
5.3 I nterventions to Achieve MDG3 Not Included in
an MDG Sector 219
5.4 Gender Mainstreaming Interventions 220
6.1 B angladesh through the Eyes of Youth: Improving
Educational Outcomes Further 273
8.1 F actors Contributing to Effective Gender Mainstreaming
in a Violence Prevention Initiative at the Inter-American
Development Bank 319
8.2 F actors Contributing to Effective Gender Mainstreaming
in NGOs and Projects in Africa 321
8.3 How a G ender Action Plan Can Deliver Gender-Equality
Results: Lessons from the Asian Development Bank’s
Loan Operations 322
Figures
1.1 Women’s Earnings, Children’s Well-Being, and Aggregate
Poverty Reduction and Economic Growth: The Pathways 5
1.2 P rogress in Offi cial Indicators of Gender Equality
and Women’s Empowerment, by Region, 1990–2005 11
2.1 Population-Weighted Girls’ Enrollment Rates and Girls’-to-Boys’
Enrollment Ratios by Region, 1990 and 2006 39
2.2 Population-Weighted Ratio of Literate Females to Males
among 15- to 24-Year-Olds by Region, 1990 and 2006 41
2.3 Popu lated-Weighted Rates of Primary School
Completion for Girls by Region, 1990 and 2006 42
2.4 C ountry Rank in Primary Enrollment Ratio against
Country Rank in Primary Completion Ratio 43
2.5 Girls’-to-Boys’ Primary Completion Ratio Versus Primary
Enrollment, 2006 or Most Recent Year 44
2.6 School-to-Work Transition, 1995–2004 45
2.7 Under-Five Mortality Rate for Boys and Girls, 2000–05 48
2.8 Pe rcentage of 15- to 19-Year-Old Girls Who Are
Mothers or Pregnant, 1990–2000 and 2001–06 49Contents vii
2.9 Percentage of Contraceptive Use by Region and
Type of Contraceptive 50
2.10 Population-Weighted Share of Women in Nonagricultural Wage
Employment by Region, 1990 and 2006 54
2.11 Population-Weighted Female Labor Force Participation by Region
for Ages 20–24 and 25–49, 1991 and 2007 57
2.12 Population-Weighted Female Labor Force Participation Rates for
Age Group 25–49 by Country, 1991 and 2007 59
2.13 Population-Weighted Ratio of Female-to-Male Hourly Wages by
Region and Sector, 2006 61
2.14 Female-to-Male Hourly Wage Ratios in Latin America
and the Caribbean over Time and by Sector,
1991 and 2006 63
2.15 Population-Weighted Share of Women in Nonagricultural Wage
Employment Versus Female Labor Force Participation 64
2.16 Share of Women in Nonagricultural Wage Employment
Versus Ratio of Female to Male Hourly Earnings in
Secondary and Tertiary Sectors 65
2.17 Population-Weighted Percentage of Seats Held by Women in
National Parliaments, 1990 and 2006 67
2.18 Comparison of Relative Country Performance on Offi cial MDG3
Indicators with Selected New Indicators 70
2.19 C ountries’ Relative Performance on the Offi cial MDG3
Indicators Compared with Other Countries in
the Same Region 72
2.20 Intraregional Comparison of High and Low Performers
for New Indicators 74
2A.1 High and Low Performers for Ratio of Girls to Boys in
Primary Enrollment 80
2A.2 High and Low Performers for Ratio of Girls to Boys in
Secondary Enrollment 81
2A.3 High and Low Performers for Ratio of Girls to Boys in
Tertiary Enrollment 82
2A.4 High and Low Performers for Ratio of Girls to Boys in
Primary School Completion 83
2A.5 High and Low Performers for Female Under-Five Mortality 84
2A.6High and Low Performers for Share of Women in
Nonagricultural Wage Employment 85
2A.7 High and Low Performers for Female Labor Force
Participation among 25- to 49-Year-Olds 86
2A.8 High and Low Performers for Percentage of Seats
Occupied by Women in National Parliaments 87
4C.1 Gender Parity in Secondary and Tertiary Education 202viii Contents
4C.2 Female-to-Male Ratio, Gross Enrollment Rates
in Education: Middle East and North Africa 203
5C.1 Bangladesh: Cost of Gender-Equality-Promoting
Interventions as a Portion of Total Costs of Achieving
the MDGs, 2006–15 246
5C.2 Cambodia: Cost of Gender-Equality-Promoting
Interventions as a Portion of Total Costs of Achieving
the MDGs, 2006–15 248
5C.3 Ghana: Cost of Gender-Equality-Promoting
Interventions as a Portion of Total Costs of Achieving
the MDGs, 2006–15 250
5C.4 Tanzania: Cost of Gender-Equality-Promoting
Interventions as a Portion of Total Costs of Achieving
the MDGs, 2006–15 252
5C.5 Uganda: Cost of Gender-Equality-Promoting
Interventions as a Portion of Total Costs of Achieving
the MDGs, 2006–15 254
6.1 I ndia: Doctor Absence at Public Health Facilities by State
and Reason, 2003 268
6.2 India: Teacher Engagement by State 270
6.3 Orissa: Change in Postprimary Education by Caste
and Gender, 1983–2004/05 272
6.4 I ndia: Elected Women Members in Local Governments
Enhance Women’s Voice 280
6.5 B angladeshi and Pakistani Women Are Usually Consulted
in Matters Re