Neuronal correlates of aggression in Drosophila melanogaster [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Susanne Hoyer

Susanne Nies

Sujets

• Biologie
• Gesundheit

Informations

• Publié par: julius-maximilians-universitat_wurzburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 34
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 9 Mo

Extrait

Introduction – Aggression in Drosophila 2





Eingereicht am:…………………………………………………………………......................

Mitglieder der Promotionskommission:
Vorsitzender:……………………………………………………………………......................
Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Martin Heisenberg rof. Dr. Wolfgang Rössler

Tag des Promotionskolloquiums:……………………………………………………………….

Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am:……………………………………………………………….








Introduction – Aggression in Drosophila 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Aggression in Drosophila .......................................................................................... 6
1.2 Age, experience, body size......................................................................................... 8
1.3 Sensory modalities and Drosophila aggression ......................................................... 9
1.4 The white gene ......................................................................................................... 11
1.5 Biogenic amines.......................................................................................................12
1.5.1 Noradrenaline/adrenaline....... 13
1.5.2 Octopamine/tyramine.................................................................................................................... 14
1.6 Neuronal correlates of aggression – an outlook....................................................... 16
2 Material and methods .................................................................................................... 18
2.1 Fly stocks and maintenance...................................................................................... 18
2.2 High-speed analysis..................................................................................................18
2.3 OA/TA enriched food............................................................................................... 19
2.4 Heat-shock protocol.................................................................................................20
ts12.5 shibire -experiments 20
2.6 HU treatment............................................................................................................20
2.7 Statistical Analyses20
3 Results ............................................................................................................................. 22
3.1 Drosophila male aggression: the lunge.................................................................... 22
3.2 Automated analysis of Drosophila male aggression................................................ 24
3.2.1 Setting up the arena....................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.2 Recording videos............................................................................................................... 26
3.2.3 CalcProp Version 3.4......... 26
3.2.4 LoopRun Version 3.4 .................................................................................................................... 37
3.2.5 LungeCount Version 3.1.1 ............................................................................................................ 41
3.2.6 FlySpeedHisto Version 0.1.2 ........................................................................................................ 52
3.2.7 FlySize Version 0.8........... 55
3.2.8 LungeView Version 0.8 ................................................................................................................ 57
3.3 Evaluation of the automated analysis....................................................................... 63
3.4 Walking activity and body size ................................................................................ 65
3.5 white ......................................................................................................................... 66
nM183.6 Octopamine: T βh ................................................................................................ 69
RO543.7 OctopamiTdc2 .............................................................................................. 73
ts13.8 Octopamine: UAS-Kir 2.1 and UAS-shi ............................................................... 76
3.9 Temperature.............................................................................................................77
3.10 Mushroom body.......................................................................................................79
4 Discussion........................................................................................................................ 81
4.1 Octopamine..............................................................................................................81
4.2 Automated recording of lunges................................................................................ 84
4.3 Walking activity85 Introduction – Aggression in Drosophila 4
4.4 Body size.................................................................................................................. 86
4.5 Locations involved in modulating aggression.......................................................... 87
5 References ....................................................................................................................... 90
6 Summary.........................................................................................................................97
7 Zusammenfassung.......................................................................................................... 99
8 Appendix ....................................................................................................................... 101
8.1 Erklärung................................................................................................................101
8.2 Curriculum Vitae....................................................................................................102
8.3 Publications and talks............................................................................................. 104
8.3.1 Publications................................................................................................................................. 104
8.3.2 Talks............................................................................................................................................ 104
8.4 Danksagung............................................................................................................105 1 INTRODUCTION
Aggression is a widespread and strikingly multi-faceted phenomenon. In humans, it
manifests itself diversely, ranging from criminal offences such as murder, robbery, and verbal
assault, to more moderate forms such as talking behind someone’s back and deliberately
failing to perform a task requested.
Accordingly, there have been diverse definitions of (human) aggression. From a
purely behaviouristic viewpoint, and hence avoiding reference to intention, Arnold Buss
defined aggression as “the delivery of noxious stimuli to another” (Buss, 1961). However,
there are situations in which a noxious stimulus is delivered unintentionally, for example
when the dentist has to drill a tooth. These situations are excluded if one classifies only those
actions as aggressive when the person violates accepted rules of society (Bandura, 1973) or
when a motivational assumption is considered: Dollard and Miller (Dollard et al., 1939)
defined aggression as “such sequence of behaviour, the goal-response to which is the injury of
the person toward whom it is directed”. Along the same line Robert Baron (1979) declared
aggression as “any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another
living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment”. In contrast to Bandura, here the focus
in not on the society at large but on the victim. As discussed by Werbik (1981), definitions
with and without underlying motivational assumptions bear problems, for example
concerning the need for a generally accepted definition of ‘harm’ (german: Schädigung).
Since the term aggression unifies numerous aggressive behaviours, there are several
approaches to classify its manifestations into subcategories. Focussing on the goal of
aggression, aggressive acts with the only intention to hurt are called hostile
(affective/angry/emotional) aggression, whereas acts with a purpose other than hurting the
victim, for example ascertain the aggressor’s dominant status, are called instrumental
aggression (e.g. Berkowitz, 1993). Similarly, Siegel (2004) suggests for nonprimate
aggression to distinguish affective defence versus predatory attack. Affective defence
comprises six of seven forms of aggression formerly operationally classified by (Moyer,
1968) on the basis of experimental methodologies applied:
1. fear-induced aggression (animal would like to escape, but escape is denied)
2. maternal aggression (aggression is triggered by an organism near to the young
individual) Introduction – Aggression in Drosophila 6
3. inter-male aggression (presence of a male elicits aggression in another male)
4. irritable aggression (triggered e.g. by electric shock)
5. sex-related aggression (sexu