Regulation of mitotic progression [Elektronische Ressource] : focus on Plk1 function and the novel Ska complex at kinetochores / vorgelegt von Anja Hanisch

Anja Hanisch

Sujets

• Biologie

Informations

• Publié par: julius-maximilians-universitat_wurzburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 31
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 17 Mo

Extrait

Regulation of mitotic progression:
Focus on Plk1 function and
the novel Ska complex
at kinetochores




Dissertation zur Erlangung des
naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades
der Bayerischen Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg




vorgelegt von
Anja Hanisch

Flensburg



Martinsried / Würzburg 2006







Eingereicht am:

Mitglieder der Promotionskommission:
Vorsitzender:
Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Erich A. Nigg
Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Georg Krohne

Tag des Promotionskolloquiums:

Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am:







Hiermit erkläre ich ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation selbständig angefertigt habe
und keine anderen als die von mir angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Sämtliche
Experimente wurden von mir selbst durchgeführt, soweit nicht explizit auf Dritte verwiesen wird. Diese
Dissertation hat weder in gleicher noch in ähnlicher Form einem anderen Prüfungsverfahren
vorgelegen. Ich habe weder bereits früher akademische Grade erworben noch versucht zu erwerben.








Anja Hanisch Martinsried, den 24.10.2006
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS


SUMMARY 1
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 2
INTRODUCTION 3
1 General overview of the cell cycle and M phase 3
2 The different stages of M phase and onset of mitosis 4
3 Pol-ike inase 1 6
3.1 Structure, regulation and targeting of Plk 1 6
3.2 Functions of Plk 1 8
4 Structure and function of kinetochores 12
4.1 Structure and components of human kinetochores 12
4.2 The spindle assembly checkpoint 13 4.2.1 Attachment versus tension 14
4.2.2 Models of Mad1-assisted Mad2 activation 15
4.3 Spindle assembly dynamics and kinetochore-fibre formation 16
4.4 K-fibre dynamics in chromosome congression 19
4.5 Molecular basis of KT-MT attachment and stabilisation 19
AIM OF THE WORK 23

PART I - Search for Plk1 PBD interaction partners and
functional analysis of Plk1 PBD expressing cells 25
RESULTS I 26
1 Unbiased search for Plk1 PBD interacting proteins by pull downs
and immunoprecipitations 26
WT HK538/540AA 1.1 Bacterial expression and purification of GST-PBD and GST-PBD 26
WT AA 1.2 PBD but not PBD recognises specifically phosphorylated
peptides and proteins 27
WT AA 1.2.1 The PBD but not PBD recognises the PBDtide 27
WT AA 1.2.2 Far Western binding of PBD but not PBD to phosphorylated Mklp2 27
WT 1.3 Large scale pull down from a mitotic lysate with GST-PBD and
AA GST-PBD lacks sufficient specificity 28
WT AA 1.4 Generation of inducible myc-PBD and myc-PBD HeLa S3 cell lines 29
WT AA 1.5 Immunoprecipitations of myc-PBD and myc-PBD expressed in stable cell lines
increase the specificity 30
I TABLE OF CONTENTS
2 Biased search for Plk1 PBD interacting proteins by immunoprecipitations
followed by Western blot analysis 33
2.1 Among the tested proteins only Cdc20, Cdc27, Bub1 and Ect2
WT co-immunoprecipitated specifically with myc-PBD 33
2.2 Endogenous Plk1 does not co-immunoprecipitate any of the
WT myc-PBD interacting candidates 34
2.3 Analysis of the interaction between Plk1 and Cdc20 35
WT 2.3.1 Endogenous Cdc20 interacts with both full length Plk1 and
AA Plk1 in a mitosis specific manner 36
2.3.2 Endogenous Cdc20 interacts specifically with myc-Plk1
but not with the other members of the Polo-like kinase family 37
2.3.3 Tagging of Cdc20 interferes with the Plk1 interaction 38
2.4 Analysis of the interaction between Plk1 and MST2 39
2.4.1 The interaction of myc-Plk1 with FLAG-MST2 depends on an intact PBD
and is specific for both the MST2 and the Plk1 kinase family member 40
2.4.2 Myc-Plk1 co-immunoprecipitates endogenous MST2 in a cell cycle
dependent way and their interaction is direct 40
2.4.3 Interaction between MST2 and Plk1 is independent of their respective
kinase activities and of Cdk1/Cyclin B phosphorylation 42
2.4.4 GST-Plk1 and FLAG-MST2 do not phosphorylate each other in vitro 43
2.5 Initial analysis of the relationship between Plk1 and BubR1 44
2.5.1 The spindle assembly checkpoint induced phosphorylated form of BubR1 is
reduced in Plk1 RNAi cells 44 2.5.2 BubR1 KT localisation is not dependent on the presence of Plk1 46
3 Plk1 PBD expression reveals distinct dependencies on proper targeting
for different Plk1 functions and implicates Plk1 in chromosome congression 47
3.1 An intact phosphopeptide binding motif is required for localisation of the Plk1 PBD 47
WT 3.2 Overexpression of PBD results in displacement of endogenous Plk1 and
cause mitoc arest 48
WT 3.3 PBD expression allows bipolar spindle formation but causes chromosome
congression defects 50
3.4 PBD overexpression does not interfere with centrosome maturation 52
3.5 Chromatid arm separation occurs in PBD expressing cells
but not in Plk1-depleted cells 54 3.6 The PBD is essential for mitotic progression
3.7 The PBD is dispensable for centrosome maturation and separation
but not for chromosome congression 55
II TABLE OF CONTENTS
DISCUSION I 58
1 Plk1 PBD pull downs and immunoprecipitations revealed many PBD
interacting proteins 58
2 The significance of the specific Cdc20-Plk1 and MST2-Plk1 interactions
remains to be elucidated 60
3 PBD expression shows distinct requirements of different Plk1 functions for PBD-
mediated targeting and reveals a novel role of Plk1 in chromosome congression 61
SUMARY I 66

PART II - Characterisation of two novel spindle and kinetochore
associated proteins, termed Ska1 and Ska2 69
RESULTS I70
1 Localisation analysis of uncharacterised proteins from a
proteomic spindle inventory 70
2 Ska1, identified in the spindle inventory, in complex with Ska2 is required
for timely anaphase onset 72
2.1 Identification of Ska1 at spindle MTs and outer KTs 72
2.2 Requirements for Ska1 localisation to KTs 73
2.3 Ska1 interacts with Ska2 (FAM33A) 80
2.4 Ska1 and Ska2 levels are constant throughout the cell cycle 81
2.5 Influence of Ska complex formation on protein stability and localisation 82
2.6 Ska1 and Ska2 are required for proper mitotic progression 84
2.7 Role of Ska complex in stabilisation of KT-MT interaction and checkpoint silencing 86
DISCUSION II 88
SUMARY I92

MATERIALS AND METHODS 93
1 Cloning procedures 93
2 Expression and purification of recombinant protein 94
3 Antibody Production 95
4 Cell culture, synchronisation, drug concentrations and cold treatment
on livng cells 95
5 Generation of myc-PBD stable inducible HeLa S3 cell lines 96
6 Transient transfections and RNAi 96
7 Immunofluorescence microscopy 97
8 Live-cell imaging 98
9 Cell extracts, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot and Far Western analysis 98
III TABLE OF CONTENTS
10 Mitotic chromosome spreads 99
11 In vitro phosphopeptide binding 101
12 In vitro kinase assays 102
13 Phosphatase assays 102
14 Yeast-two hybrid analysis 102
15 In vitro coupled transcription translation 103
APENDIX 104
1 List of abbreviations 104
2 Table created plasmids 106
3 Table of proteins identified by mass spectrometry in GST-PBD pull down 109
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 118
REFRENCES 119
PUBLICATIONS 133
LEBENSLAUF 134

IV SUMMARY

SUMMARY

During mitosis the duplicated chromosomes have to be faithfully segregated into the nascent
daughter cells in order to maintain genomic stability. This critical process is dependent on the
rearrangement of the interphase microtubule (MT) network, resulting in the formation of a bipolar
mitotic spindle. For proper chromosome segregation all chromosomes have to become connected
to MTs emanating from opposite spindle poles. The MT attachment sites on the chromosomes are
the kinetochores (KTs), which are also required to monitor the integrity of KT-MT interactions via
the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC).
The first part of this work concerns the action of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). Plk1 is one of the
most prominent mitotic kinases and is involved in the regulation of multiple essential steps during
mitosis consistent with its dynamic localisation to spindle poles, KTs and the central spindle.
Despite a nice model of Plk1 targeting to different mitotic structures via its phosphopeptide binding
Polo-box domain (PBD), the exact molecu