Thermoregulation and resource management in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Rebecca Basile

Basile Louisetti

Informations

• Publié par: julius-maximilians-universitat_wurzburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 17
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

Thermoregulation and Resource Management
in the Honeybee (Apis mellifera)




Dissertation zur Erlangung des
naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades
der Bayerischen Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würbzurg

vorgelegt von

Rebecca Basile
aus Hechingen

Würzburg 2009

















Eingereicht am: .......................................................................................................................

Mitglieder der Promotionskommission:
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Against Idleness And Mischief
How doth the little busy bee
Improve each shining hour,
And gather honey all the day
From every opening flower!

How skilfully she builds her cell!
How neat she spreads the wax!
And labours hard to store it well
With the sweet food she makes.

In works of labour or of skill,
I would be busy too;
For Satan finds some mischief still
For idle hands to do.

In books, or work, or healthful play,
Let my first years be passed,
That I may give for every day
Some good account at last.

Isaac Watts (1674-1748)


The Crocodile
How doth the little crocodile
Improve his shining tail,
And pour the waters of the Nile
On every golden scale!

How cheerfully he seems to grin!
How neatly spread his claws,
And welcomes little fishes in
With gently smiling jaws!

Lewis Carroll 1832 - 1898



Table of contents
1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………....………4
1.1 Subject of the dissertation …………………………………………………………………………....………4
1.2 Evolution of Eusociality ……………………………………………………………………………….…..…....5
1.2.1 Altruism, kin selection, Hamilton´s ruled sa nadg atihnes to daltruism …...….....5
1.2.2 Social interaction, cooperation and domrincahnicees hiine ranaimal groups ...8
1.3 The Western honeybeAep is– mellifera …………………………………………………………..1.0 .…
1.3.1 Natural range and characteristics ………………………..…………………………………..…...10
1.3.2 Colony structure ……………………..………………………………………………………………..…..11
1.3.3 Division of labor, task allocation an dt hlei fhoe nsepyabnee i…….n………..….…12
1.3.3. 1 Summer bees ………………………………………………………………………………….……..13
1.3.3. 2 Winter bees ……………………………………….………………….….14
1.3.4 Juvenile hormone (JH) ………………………………………………………………….………………..14
1.3.5 Vitellogenin ………………………………………………………………………………….…………….….15
1.3.6 Genetic influence on the division of labor ……………………………… ….16 …….….………..
1.3.7 The nest of the honeybee ……………………………………………………………………….……..16
1.3.8 Thermoregulation and heating activity ……………………………………………….…………18
1.3.9 Trophallaxis ……………………………………………………………………………………………..…….22
1.3.10 The morphology of the antenna ………………………………………………………………..…..26
1.4 Specific aim ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….28

2. Antennal dexterity in honeybees – about the lopsided use of the antennae in
trophallactic contacts ……………………………………………………………………………………….……...30
2.1 Abstract ………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30
2.2 Introduction …………………………………………………………….….…….30
2.3 Materials and Methods …………………………………………………………………………………..………32
2.4 Results ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..33
2.5 Discussion ……………………………………………………………….………..34
2.6 Appendix – Figures and Tables ……………………………………………………………………….………38




3. Does sugar equal heat? – Sugar intake and its impact on thoracic heat
production in the honeybee ……………………………………………………………… …………………………..46
3.1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….46
3.2 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………46
3.3 Materials and Methods ………………………………………………………………………………………..50
3.3.1 Set up without additional water ……………………………………………..…………………. 51
3.3.2 Set up with additional water …………………..…………………….51
3.4 Results ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….51
3.4.1 Set up without additional water ………………………………………………………………….51
3.4.2 Set up with additional water ……………………………………………………………………….52
3.5 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………52
3.6 Appendix – Figures and Tables ………………………………………………………………….………….59

4. Trophallactic activities in the brood nest – heatesr get supplied with high performance fuel
…………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………..71
4.1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….71
4.2 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………71
4.3 Materials and Methods ………………………………………………………………………………………..74
4.3.1 Behavioral observations ………………………………………………………………………………74
4.3.2 Thermal imaging …………………………………………………………………………………………74
4.4 Results ……………………………………………………………….……………76
4.4.1 Behavior of donors and recipients ………………………………………………….……………76
4.4.2 Thoracic temperature and trophallaxis ……………………………………………………….78
4.5 Discussion …………………………………………………………………………………………………….………78
4.6 Appendix – Figures and Tables …………………………………………………………………….……….82

5. Heat seeker – The honeybee feeding activity has a htermal trigger …………………….…….88
5.1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….88
5.2 Introduction ……………………………………………………88
5.3 Materials and Methods ………………………………………………………………………………………..90
5.3.1 Behavioral observations in the hive ……………………………………………….…..……….90
5.3.2 Warm-up experiments in the hive …………………….………….…………………………….92


5.3.3 Warm-up experiments in the arena …………………………………….………….…………..92
5.3.4 Warm-up experiments with restrained bees ……………………….…………….……… ..93
5.4 Results …………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..93
5.4.1 Trophallactic behavior in the observation hive ……………………………… 93 .…………..
5.4.2 Feeding contacts ……………………………………………….………..94
5.4.3 Winter experiments with artificial heating ………………………………………… .………94
5.4.4 Arena experiments ………………………………………………………………………………….….95
5.4.5 Reactions to heat and electromagnetic fields …………………… ………...9……………5 .
5.5 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………95
5.6 Appendix – Figures and Tables ………………………………………………………………….……….101

6. General discussion ………………………………………………………………………….………………………112
7. Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….120
8. Zusammenfassung ………………………………………………………………….……………………… ………122
9. Index of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………..…..………………..125
10. Index of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………………………….127
11. Index of Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………………… …………………128
12. References ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…..………..130
13. Curriculum vitae ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..157
14. Publications …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..158
15. Danksagung ………………………………………………………………………………..………………….… ……159
16. Erklärung ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..160

Introduction
1. Introduction

1.1 Subject of the dissertation
The ecological success of social i nbsaescetds oins lthaer cgeolmyplex organization of their
colonies. Even though there is no contrdoinl attehsa t thceoiror action, the members of a
colony specialize on certain of the vya rdiivoiussi otans kosf b laSbToERr & (WOILSON, 1978;
BOURKE & FRANKS, 1995).
In a honeybee colony the adjustment of the vloatebdo rto dteasks inside and outside the
hive is expected to be highly adaptive. Baiboitiocti ca nfd actors like temperature, brood
rearing conditions, pollen and nectarst raovanigllayb ifliltuyc tuate and therefore condition
which tasks have priority and require einntciorne.a sed att
The division of labor between the members veo fi s theim philemented by temporal
polytheism in which the worker’s physioleo agnidc ailts sptart obability of task performance
correlate with its age. Specializationsr ea rtem tphoereafrÖoySC H(,R 1927).
Physical polytheism, as it occurs in matenry mainttess , anddo es not occur in honeybees
(W ILSON, 1971; OSTER & W ILSON, 1978). Nevertheless, there are differenc ethse betwee
individuals in one colony, concerningr tfheoirm atansck epse. There is evidence for lifetime
differences in behavioral preferencesb ew heixcphl aicnaendn obty differences in adult
development. Some tasks like guarding or undduetiresta kaere only performed by a small
percentage of a colony’s workers. In tehviesr calo nstetuxdti ess showed that due to the
genetic variance in the colony differacenct otmaspksl isarheed with more constancy than in
a hive with higher genetic relatOeBdInNSeOsNs, (1R992).
Beside a genetic basis of the division eorf lpahbyosrio lotghical factor