World Development Report 2010

The World Bank

Description

Today's enormous development challenges are complicated by the reality of climate change-the two are inextricably linked and together demand immediate attention. Climate change threatens all countries, but particularly developing ones. Understanding what climate change means for development policy is the central aim of the World Development Report 2010.
Estimates are that developing countries would bear some 75 to 80 percent of the costs of anticipated damages caused by the changing climate. Developing countries simply cannot afford to ignore climate change, nor can they focus on adaptation alone. So action to reduce vulnerability and lay the groundwork for a transition to low-carbon growth paths is imperative.
The 'World Development Report 2010' explores how public policy can change to better help people cope with new or worsened risks, how land and water management must adapt to better protect a threatened natural environment while feeding an expanding and more prosperous population, and how energy systems will need to be transformed.
The authors examine how to integrate development realities into climate policy-in international agreements, in instruments to generate carbon finance, and in steps to promote innovation and the diffusion of new technologies.
The 'World Development Report 2010' is an urgent call for action, both for developing countries who are striving to ensure policies are adapted to the realities and dangers of a hotter planet, and for high-income countries who need to undertake ambitious mitigation while supporting developing countries efforts.
The authors argue that a climate-smart world is within reach if we act now to tackle the substantial inertia in the climate, in infrastructure, and in behaviors and institutions; if we act together to reconcile needed growth with prudent and affordable development choices; and if we act differently by investing in the needed energy revolution and taking the steps required to adapt to a rapidly changing planet.

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 06 novembre 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 19
• EAN13: 9780821379875
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 19 Mo

Extrait

2010
world development report
+3°
+2°
Development and
Climate Change
+1°
1000 1500 2000 2100Headed toward the danger zone
Human activity is warming the planet. For data for the past 150 years or so docu- minimal vegetative cover and light greens
the past millennium the Earth’s average ment a global temperature increase of through dark greens indicating ever more
temperature varied within a range of less nearly 1°C since the preindustrial period. dense vegetation. Biological processes on
than 0.7°C (shown in green); however, Global climate models that estimate the land and in the oceans play a key role in
man-made greenhouse gas emissions eff ect of diff erent future emission sce- regulating Earth’s temperature and car-
have resulted in a dramatic increase in narios on Earth’s climate predict a range bon cycle, and information such as pre-
the planet’s temperature over the past of possible global temperatures for this sented in these global maps is essential
century (shown in yellow). The projected century. These estimates show that even to manage limited natural resources in an
future increase over the next 100 years the most aggressive mitigation eff orts increasingly populous world.
(shown in red) due to growing emissions may lead to warming of 2°C or more (a
could possibly warm the planet by 5°C level already considered dangerous), and Sources:
relative to the preindustrial period. Such most models project that less mitigation Jones, P. D., and M. E. Mann. 2004. “Climate
Over Past Millennia.” Reviews of Geophysics warming has never been experienced would lead to warming of 3°C or even
42(2): doi:10.1029/2003RG000143.by mankind and the resulting physical up to 5°C and beyond (though with less
Jones, P. D., D. E. Parker, T. J. Osborn, and impacts would severely limit develop- certainty around these higher amounts of
K. R. Briff a. 2009. “Global and Hemispheric ment. Only through immediate and warming).
Temperature Anomalies—Land and Marine
ambitious actions to curb greenhouse gas The three globes on the cover are com- Instrumental Records.” In Trends: A Com-
emissions may dangerous warming be posites of data collected by satellites dur- pendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon
avoided. ing the summer months of 1998 through Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak
The evolution of the planet’s tempera- 2007. The colors of the ocean represent Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN. doi: 10.3334/ture for the past 1,000 years is based on chlorophyll concentration, which is a
CDIAC/cli.002 a range of proxy estimates (such as tree measure of the global distribution of
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ring analysis or ice core sampling) that oceanic plant life (phytoplankton). Deep
Change). 2007. Climate Change 2007: Synthe-defi ne the envelope of long-term tem- blue colors are areas of low chlorophyll
sis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II
perature variation. With modern weather concentration while green, yellow, and and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
observations starting in the nineteenth red indicate ever higher concentration. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
century, global temperature could be The colors on land show vegetation, with Geneva: IPCC.
estimated more precisely; thermometer whites, browns, and tans representing
Temperature relative to the preindustrial era (°C)
5
Historical
Observed
4 Future
3
2
1
0
–1
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
Yearworld development report2010
Development and
Climate Changeworld development report2010
Development and
Climate Change© 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
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Softcover
ISBN: 978-0-8213-7987-5
ISSN: 0163-5085
eISBN: 978-0-8213-7988-2
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7987-5
Hardcover
ISSN: 0163-5085
ISBN: 978-0-8213-7989-5
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7989-5
Cover design: Rock Creek Strategic Marketing
Cover globe images: Norman Kuring, Ocean Biology Processing Group, National Aeronau-
tics and Space Administration (http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov)
Interior design: Naylor Design, Inc.
Typesetting: Precision Graphics
Photo credits: Gary Braasch: Overview, chapters 3, 4, 5, 7; Corbis: chapters 1, 2, 6, 8
For more information about the World Development Report 2010, please visit
http://www.worldbank.org/wdr.Contents
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Abbreviations and Data Notes xvii
Main Messages xx
Overview: Changing the Climate for Development 1
The case for action 4
A climate- smart world is within reach if we act now, act together,
and act differently 10
Making it happen: New pressures, new instruments, and new resources 18
1 Understanding the Links between Climate Change
and Development 37
Unmitigated climate change is incompatible with sustainable development 39
Evaluating the tradeoffs 48
The costs of delaying the global mitigation effort 55
Seizing the moment: Immediate stimulus and long- term transformations 58
Focus A: The Science of Climate Change 70
Part One
2 Reducing Human Vulnerability: Helping People
Help Themselves 87
Adaptive management: Living with change 89
Managing physical risks: Avoiding the avoidable 90
Managing fi nancial risks: Flexible instruments for contingencies 101
Managing social risks: Empower communities to protect themselves 105
Looking ahead to 2050: Which world? 111
Focus B: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in a Changing
Climate 124
vvi CONTENTS
3 Managing Land and Water to Feed Nine Billion People
and Protect Natural Systems 133
Put in place the fundamentals for natural resource management 134
Produce more from water and protect it better 137
Producing more in agriculture while protecting the environment 145
Produce more and protect better in fi sheries and aquaculture 156
Building fl exible international agreements 158
Reliable information is fundamental for good natural resource
management 162
Pricing carbon, food, and energy could be the springboard 166
4 Energizing Development without Compromising
the Climate 189
Balancing competing objectives 191
Where the world needs to go: Transformation to a sustainable energy
future 195
Realizing the savings from energy effi ciency 209
Scaling up existing low- carbon technologies 217
Accelerating innovation and advanced technologies 220
Policies have to be integrated 222
Part Two
5 Integrating Development into the Global Climate
Regime 233
Building the climate regime: Transcending the tensions between climate
and development 233
Options for integrating developing-country actions into the global
architecture 240
Support for developing-country mitigation efforts 245
Promoting international efforts to integrate adaptation into climate-smart
development 246
Focus C: Trade and Climate Change 251
6 Generating the Funding Needed for Mitigation
and Adaptation 257
The fi nancing gap 259
Ineffi ciencies in existing climate- fi nance instruments 263
Increasing the scale of climate- change fi nance 267
Ensuring the transparent, effi cient, and equitable use of funds 276
Matching fi nancing needs and sources of funds 278 Contents vii
7 Accelerating Innovation and Technology Diffusion 287